Speaker: John McWhorter

All it takes is a simple S to make most English words plural. But it hasn’t always worked that way (and there are, of course, exceptions). John McWhorter looks back to the good old days when English was newly split from German – and books, names and eggs were beek, namen and eggru! [Directed by Lippy, narrated by John McWhorter].

Source:
https://ed.ted.com/

Uzbek Subtitles:

0:07 – 0:08

Biz gapirayotgan til, ¶

0:08 – 0:09

g’aroyib ingliz tili, o’zida

0:09 – 0:11

juda ko’p g’alati narsalarni o’z ichiga oladi.

0:11 – 0:13

Masalan, deyarli doim,

0:13 – 0:15

nimanidir ko’plikda aytganimizda,

0:15 – 0:17

so’z oxiriga -s qo’shamiz.

0:17 – 0:19

Cat – cats [mushuk – mushuklar].

0:19 – 0:21

Lekin ko’plikni boshqacha namoyon

0:21 – 0:22

etadigan so’zlar ham bor.

0:22 – 0:24

Ingliz tilida bitta erkak — ‘man’,

0:24 – 0:26

agar ko’plikda bo’lsa, ular — ‘mеn’.

0:26 – 0:28

Shu kabi, ayollar — ‘women’,

0:28 – 0:30

va agar bitta ayol bo’lsa,

0:30 – 0:32

biz uni ‘woman’ deymiz.

0:32 – 0:34

Bitta g’oz — ‘goose’,

0:34 – 0:35

ko’plikda esa — ‘geese’.

0:35 – 0:38

Lekin agar bitta los’ — ‘moose’ bo’lsa, nega bir galasi ‘meese’ emas?

0:38 – 0:39

Agar ikkita oyoq — ‘feet’ bo’lsa,

0:39 – 0:41

nega ko’p kitoblarni biz

0:41 – 0:43

‘beek’ demaymiz?

0:44 – 0:46

Aslida biz 1000 yil oldingi

0:46 – 0:48

ingliz tilida gaplashganimizda,

0:48 – 0:50

kitoblarni ko’plikda o’zi

0:50 – 0:52

‘beek’ degan bo’lardik.

0:52 – 0:53

Zamonaviy ingliz tili g’alati bo’lsa,

0:53 – 0:55

eski ingliz tili esa umuman aqldan ozdiradi.

0:55 – 0:56

Ishonasizmi,

0:56 – 0:59

o’sha paytlardagi ingliz tili o’rganish uchun

0:59 – 1:01

hozirgidanam qiyinroq bo’lgan.

1:01 – 1:03

2 500 yil oldin,

1:03 – 1:05

ingliz tili va nemis tili bitta til bo’lgan.

1:05 – 1:07

Vaqt sayin ular bir-biridan ajrala boshladi,

1:07 – 1:10

borgan sari o’xshashliklari yo’qola bordi.

1:10 – 1:12

Eski ingliz tilida xuddi

1:12 – 1:13

nemis tilidagidek

1:13 – 1:15

jonsiz predmetlarda ‘rod’ bo’lgan.

1:15 – 1:17

Sanchqi — ‘gafol’ — ayol ‘rod’li edi,

1:17 – 1:19

qoshiq — ‘laefel’ — erkak ‘rod’da,

1:19 – 1:21

stol esa ya’ni ‘bord’ —

1:21 – 1:24

o’rtacha rodga kiritilgan edi.

1:24 – 1:25

O’zingiz ajrating!

1:25 – 1:26

So’zlarni nafaqat nimani

1:26 – 1:28

anglatishiga qarab, balki uning

1:28 – 1:31

qanday rodda ekanligini bilgan holda qo’llash zarur edi.

1:31 – 1:33

Bugungi kunda o’nlab ko’plik anglatuvchi

1:33 – 1:34

g’alati so’zlar bor:

1:34 – 1:35

‘men’,

1:35 – 1:36

‘geese’.

1:36 – 1:38

Oldinlari esa barcha sanoqsiz otlar

1:38 – 1:40

ko’plikni shu kabi so’zlar bilan ifodalagan.

1:40 – 1:43

Bitta g’oz – ‘goose’, bir nechtasi esa ‘geese’ ekanligi g’alatimi?

1:43 – 1:45

Tasavvur qiling, bitta echki — ‘goat’,

1:45 – 1:46

ko’pi — ‘gat’,

1:46 – 1:48

bitta eman daraxti — ‘oak’,

1:48 – 1:50

ko’pi — ‘ack’.

1:50 – 1:52

Siz oxiriga -s qo’sha olmasdingiz,

1:52 – 1:55

nutqda ularni qo’llash uchun esa

1:55 – 1:58

ularning ko’plik shaklini bilish kerak bo’lardi.

1:59 – 2:01

Ko’plik shaklini yasashda

2:01 – 2:02

eski ingliz tilida

2:02 – 2:04

-s dan boshqa qo’shimchalar ham bo’lgan.

2:04 – 2:07

‘Child’ ning ko’pligi ‘children’ bo’lganidek,

2:07 – 2:09

bitta qo’zichoq ‘lamb’, ko’pi ‘lambru’,

2:09 – 2:12

bitta tuxum ‘egg’, ko’pi ‘eggru’

2:12 – 2:13

va bir nechta non ‘breads’ emas,

2:13 – 2:15

‘breadru’ bo’lgan bo’lar edi.

2:15 – 2:17

Ba’zi so’zlar ko’plikda umuman o’zgarmagan,

2:17 – 2:20

masalan, zamonaviy so’z “qo’y”ni keltirsak —

2:20 – 2:21

bitta qo’y — ‘sheep’,

2:21 – 2:22

ko’p qo’y — ‘sheep’.

2:22 – 2:23

Qadimgi ingliz tilida bitta uy — ‘house’,

2:23 – 2:25

ko’p uylar — ‘house’.

2:25 – 2:29

Bugungi kunda “ho’kizlar” so’zi ‘oxes’ emas, ‘oxen’ bo’lganidek,

2:29 – 2:32

qadimgi insonlar tillar ‘tonguen’,

2:32 – 2:34

nomlar — ‘namen’ bo’lgan.

2:34 – 2:36

Va agar o’zgarishlar sodir bo’lmaganida,

2:36 – 2:40

bugun biz ko’zlarni ‘eyes’ emas ‘eyen’ deyishimiz mumkin edi.

2:40 – 2:42

Xo’sh, nega bunday o’zgarishlar ro’y bergan?

2:42 – 2:44

Vikinglar.

2:44 – 2:47

VIII asrda Skandinaviya maroderlari

2:47 – 2:49

Angliyaning katta qismini egallashadi.

2:49 – 2:50

Ular inglizcha emas,

2:50 – 2:51

norveg tilida gapirishgan.

2:51 – 2:52

Ustiga-ustak, ularning barchasi katta yoshda bo’lgan.

2:52 – 2:54

Kattalar esa bolalardan farqli o’laroq,

2:54 – 2:56

tilni o’zlashtirishlari qiyin.

2:56 – 2:58

15 yoshdan keyin

2:58 – 3:00

yangi tilni o’rganish va unda har xil

3:00 – 3:01

xatolarsiz, ravon,

3:01 – 3:03

to’g’ri so’zlasha olish

3:03 – 3:07

deyarli ilojsizdir.

3:07 – 3:08

Vikinglar ham unchalik zo’r bo’lishmagan

3:08 – 3:10

va shu sabab ular ingliz tilini mushkulliklardan

3:10 – 3:13

“xolos” etishga harakat qilishgan.

3:13 – 3:15

Masalan, ushbu ko’plik shakllaridan.

3:15 – 3:17

Tasavvur qiling, bir tomonda

3:17 – 3:18

‘eggru’

3:18 – 3:18

va ‘gat’,

3:18 – 3:19

bir tomonda

3:19 – 3:20

‘-s’ bilan tugaydigan

3:20 – 3:22

ko’plikdagi soz’lar,

3:22 – 3:22

‘days’,

3:22 – 3:24

yoki ‘stones’ kabi.

3:24 – 3:25

Doim ‘-s’ ni ishlatish

3:25 – 3:27

osonroq emasmi?

3:27 – 3:29

Vikinglar ham shunday o’ylashgan.

3:29 – 3:30

Ular esa ko’pchilik bo’lishgan,

3:30 – 3:32

va ularning ko’pchiligi ingliz ayollariga uylanishgan.

3:32 – 3:35

Shunday ekan, tez orada bir avlod ko’z oldida

3:35 – 3:38

osonlashtirilgan ingliz tili asl ingliz tili bilan bir vaqtda foydalanila

3:38 – 3:41

boshlandi, sal o’tib asl ingliz tilini unutishdi ham. ¶

3:41 – 3:44

Oldingi so’zlarni hech kim eslamasdi, masalan,

3:44 – 3:45

‘doors’ o’rniga ‘doora’,

3:45 – 3:47

va ‘hands’ o’rniga ‘handa’ deyilganini.

3:47 – 3:49

Hozirda ko’plik shakli ancha tushunarliroq,

3:49 – 3:51

‘teeth’ kabi ba’zi saqlanib qolgan so’zlarni

3:51 – 3:52

hisobga olmaganda.

3:52 – 3:53

Ularga o’rganib qolishganlari

3:53 – 3:55

sabab, ularni o’zgartirishdan ma’no ko’rishmagan.

3:55 – 3:56

Xulosa shundayki,

3:56 – 3:59

ingliz tili aslida so’z o’ylagandan ko’ra mantiqiyroq.

3:59 – 4:01

Kelib chiqishlari Kopengagen va Oslo

4:01 – 4:02

shaharlariga borib taqaladigan ushbu inslonlar tufayli,

4:02 – 4:05

hozirda biz ‘pea-night’ demaymiz,

4:06 – 4:07

‘peanuts’ deymiz.

4:07 – 4:09

Lekin xilma-xillik uchun bular

4:09 – 4:10

ustida ham mashq qilish mumkin edi,

4:10 – 4:11

shunday emasmi?