The translation is a creative work, as well as a general philological science. This area occupies an important place in the plans and programs for the development of foreign languages. Translation plays an important role in language knowledge, in language learning and teaching, in learning and assimilating the characteristics of other peoples, as well as in promoting our own culture abroad.

Bilingual dictionaries, in a certain sense, are of great importance when it comes to lexical translation problems. However, dictionaries usually provide alternative versions of the meaning of the word. No matter how perfect the translator dictionary is, it is impossible to cover all the meanings of a word in it, since the dictionary works with a bilingual naming system. The text, which is a product of speech, is considered important. During the translation process, the translator determines, based on the context, which meaning of the word is used in the plural.

It uses lexical transformations to avoid the use of other vocabulary and strange combinations in translation and replace them with literary, understandable, vivid vocabulary. In translation theory, lexical translations are also called substitution in the context of words.

Lexical transformations in translation refer to the changes and adaptations that words and expressions undergo when translated from one language to another. These transformations are necessary to convey the same meaning, nuances and cultural context as in the original text while respecting the linguistic and syntactic norms of the target language.

This process is complex and involves various strategies and techniques to ensure the accuracy and fluency of the translated text.

Equivalence aims to convey the same situation using entirely different words and phrases that are culturally and contextually appropriate in the target language. This is often used for idiomatic expressions, proverbs, or sayings.

Adaptation is used when something specific to the source language culture does not exist in the target culture. The translator finds a culturally appropriate equivalent or modifies the reference to something more familiar to the target audience.

Borrowing involves using a word or expression directly from the source language in the target text, often because there is no direct equivalent. This is common with terms related to technology, culture, or cuisine.

Calque is a type of borrowing where a phrase or expression from the source language is translated literally, often resulting in a phrase that might sound unusual in the target language but retains the original meaning.

Compensation occurs when a loss of meaning, nuance, or effect in one part of the text is compensated for in another part. This ensures that the overall impact of the translation remains faithful to the original.

Using synonyms to convey the same idea when an exact match is not available in the target language. This helps maintain the intended meaning without compromising the flow or readability of the text.

The first type of transformation is widely used in the translation of words that are difficult to determine in meaning. This type of transformation is used when making a definition to the word original or concretizing it. This is often used in the process of translating English words into Uzbek. The verb in English is usually used in a general and indefinite sense.

Verbs in the Uzbek language represent an accurate and concrete action. For example, let’s analyze the multi-meaning verb “to get” in English. To translate this verb, the context will necessarily be needed. Because of its meanings, there are also aspects that are not interconnected. “Take it”, into the Uzbek language. “understand”, “speculate”, “communicate”, “arrive”, “swirl”, “transform”.

The meaning of the verb “roll“ and a number of other meanings, used with the preposition in English, also has the property of completely changing. For example, there are also a few in the form of the same verb itself “to get out”, “quit”, and “take out” has the meaning of “fall”. The same concept can be The sentence is about giving in translation not only the general but also the exact meaning of the plural verb. If we take the above verb “to be”, then it is possible to determine its following features. The main meaning of this verb is the verb “be” in the Uzbek language.

But the meaning of this verb is so wide that it depends on the word that comes after it, the meanings can be different.

The width of the meaning of the verb is directly related to what word it comes to. As an auxiliary verb, this is the most commonly used and widely used in English, as it has three different transformations.

If we compare the translation of He is in Hollywood and He is in Cambridge, we will witness that the above opinions have found their confirmation. So, the first sentence is “he works in Hollywood”, and the second sentence is translated as “he reads in Cambridge”. In most cases, this assistant verb in the Uzbek language corresponds to the suffix tire (-) or-dir.

With this verb, the noun, adjective, number, adverb and other word category can be applied, and each time the meaning of the verb changes depending on them.

Description – Instead of translating a word or phrase directly, a description of its meaning is provided. This is useful for terms or concepts that have no direct equivalent in the target language.

Lexical transformations are crucial for achieving a translation that is not only accurate in terms of content but also appropriate in terms of context, style, and cultural relevance. A translator must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultures they represent, to effectively navigate these transformations. The goal is to create a translated text that resonates with the target audience in the same way the original text does with its audience.

There is a need then for change and development using approaches shaped by concepts of global education so that these institutions do not merely become microcosms of their local societies.

Umurzakova Kamola
4th Year Student, International Journalism Faculty
Uzbekistan State World Languages University, UZSWLU